Genetics and breeding technologies in livestock farming

By Marieke Snyman

At the African Farming Agri-Development Imbizo 2025, a crucial discussion took place on how genetics and breeding technologies can revolutionise livestock farming in South Africa.

Moderated by Chris Burgess, editor-in-chief of African Farming and Landbouweekblad, the panel included leading experts, such as Arthur de Villiers (Arcadia Bonsmara), Emmanuel Mudau (Mathuba Genetics), Duncan Serapelwane (Moalosi Bonsmara), Sandile Nzuza (Bonsmara SA), Dr. Ben Greyling (Agricultural Research Council), and Andrew Aphane (Aphamo Boerdery).

Genetic selection is key to livestock improvement

Selective breeding and genetic advancements can significantly improve cattle resilience, productivity and disease resistance.

“Refining genetics is not a luxury – it’s a necessity. By selecting superior animals for breeding, we can ensure stronger, more productive herds,” highlighted Arthur de Villiers.

Dr. Ben Greyling added that DNA testing and genomic selection help farmers make informed decisions. “Using genetic markers, we can predict the performance of offspring, which minimises guesswork and maximises results.”

By incorporating genetic data into breeding programmes, farmers can ensure that only the most productive and disease-resistant animals are bred, increasing the overall efficiency of their operations.

Technology can accelerate progress

New breeding technologies, such as artificial insemination (AI) and embryo transfer (ET), allow farmers to introduce high-quality genetics without needing to own elite breeding stock.

“AI and ET provide opportunities for all farmers to access top genetics, levelling the playing field and boosting herd quality,” Emmanuel Mudau pointed out.

Duncan Serapelwane shared how data-driven breeding decisions are transforming herd management. “Gone are the days of relying purely on visual assessment. Today, performance data and genetic insights are leading the way.”

With advancements in artificial intelligence and machine learning, farmers can analyse genetic trends and predict the best breeding combinations for their herds, leading to improved productivity and sustainability.

Additionally, the use of sexed semen technology is gaining popularity among farmers. This technique allows producers to predetermine the gender of offspring, which can be particularly beneficial for dairy farmers aiming to produce more female calves for milk production or beef farmers looking to increase the number of male calves for meat production.

Affordability and accessibility remain challenges

Despite these advancements, financial barriers still prevent many farmers from accessing cutting-edge breeding tools.

“We must create partnerships and funding opportunities to make these technologies accessible to more farmers, especially those starting out,” stressed Sandile Nzuza.

Government and private sector support play a crucial role in ensuring that small-scale farmers can benefit from genetic improvements and modern breeding techniques.

Andrew Aphane echoed this, emphasising the role of training. “Even the best tools are useless if farmers don’t know how to apply them. Education and mentorship are key to success.”

He highlighted the importance of extension services and knowledge-sharing platforms where farmers can learn how to integrate these technologies effectively into their farming practices.

Moreover, some organisations and cooperatives are working to create community breeding programmes, where multiple farmers pool resources to invest in high-quality genetics collectively. This collaborative approach helps reduce costs while allowing more farmers to benefit from improved livestock.

Future-proofing livestock farming

The panellists agreed that the future of livestock farming depends on integrating genetics with sustainability.

“The choices farmers make today will shape the industry for generations. Investing in genetic improvements is investing in the future,” said Dr. Greyling.

Farmers who prioritise sustainable breeding practices, such as selecting for feed efficiency and disease resistance, will be better prepared to withstand climate change and market fluctuations.

In addition to genetics, holistic herd management practices – such as rotational grazing, improved nutrition, and disease prevention strategies – should complement breeding technologies. When genetics are combined with sound management, farmers can achieve long-term gains in productivity and profitability.

The importance of breed adaptation

Another critical topic discussed was the selection of breeds suited to local environmental conditions. Arthur de Villiers pointed out, “Not all breeds perform equally well in every region. Farmers must consider climate, feed availability and disease prevalence when selecting genetics for their herds.”

This means indigenous and locally adapted breeds should not be overlooked in favour of foreign breeds. For example, breeds like the Bonsmara and Nguni have evolved to thrive in South African conditions, requiring less input and being more resistant to local diseases.

Genetics and market demands

Understanding consumer demand is also vital when making breeding decisions. The panel discussed how meat quality, marbling and growth rates are becoming increasingly important in the livestock market.

“Farmers who align their breeding programmes with consumer preferences will have a competitive edge,” said Sandile Nzuza.

By selecting genetics that enhance meat quality, tenderness and fat content, farmers can produce livestock that meets market demands and fetches higher prices.

Andrew Aphane added that branding and marketing strategies should highlight the superior genetics and quality of meat produced through advanced breeding. This approach can create niche markets and increase profitability for farmers who invest in genetic improvement.

Genetic health and disease resistance

Disease control is a major challenge in livestock farming and genetics play a crucial role in building disease-resistant herds. Dr. Greyling highlighted advancements in genetic research that help identify animals less susceptible to diseases like bovine tuberculosis and tick-borne illnesses.

“By selecting for disease resistance, farmers can reduce reliance on antibiotics and veterinary costs while improving herd health,” he explained.

Genomic tools can also help detect genetic defects early, allowing farmers to prevent health issues before they become widespread in the herd. This proactive approach enhances herd longevity and improves productivity in the long run.

A new era for livestock farming

As genetics and breeding technologies become more accessible, South African farmers have a golden opportunity to enhance production, improve meat quality and ensure long-term sustainability. By leveraging these tools, farmers can build resilient herds that thrive in the face of environmental and market challenges.

The discussion at the African Farming Agri-Development Imbizo underscored the importance of education, investment and collaboration in making genetic advancements work for all farmers. Whether through AI, genomic selection or improved herd management, the future of livestock farming is increasingly being shaped by science and innovation.

As Dr. Greyling concluded, “The power of genetics is within every farmer’s reach. It is up to us to use it wisely and strategically to secure the future of livestock farming in South Africa.”

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