• Magazine Archives
  • Calendar
  • Classifieds
  • Advertise
  • Landbou.com
African Farming
  • News
    • All
    • Africa
    • Education
    • Featured Farmers
    • Global
    • Opinions
    • South Africa
    • Videos
    Pakane Kekana SAFE learners youth training

    How one young woman is turning Zebediela’s agricultural land into jobs and hope

    Lebogang Mashala, editor of African Farming. Photo: Maphuti Mongatane

    From our editor: When municipalities fail, farmers pay the price

    fresh vegetables Image generated by Toqan

    Mozambique pushes to replace vegetable imports from SA after flood recovery

    The Mpumalanga International FoodMarket in Mbombela, owned by the provincial government, has secured its first cold-storage client. The project was first announced in 2013, and construction began in 2018. Photo: Supplied

    Mpumalanga government dismisses DA criticism over International FoodMarket; defends phased rollout

    The first 186 of the 1 000 Girolando dairy cattle that Botswana has begun importing from Brazil, landed at Sir Seretse Khama International Airport in Gaborone likely after eight to nine hours flight time in this chartered Qatar Airways Cargo Boeing 777 Freighter. Photo: Facebook/Botswana ministry of transport and infrastructure

    WATCH | Botswana imports Brazilian Girolando cattle to cut dairy imports

    RMIS Biogénesis Bagó vaccination FMD cattle

    What RMIS and Biogénesis Bagó’s new FMD partnership means for livestock producers

  • Weather
  • Livestock
    • All
    • Cattle
    • Goats
    • Pigs
    • Poultry
    • Sheep
    The first 186 of the 1 000 Girolando dairy cattle that Botswana has begun importing from Brazil, landed at Sir Seretse Khama International Airport in Gaborone likely after eight to nine hours flight time in this chartered Qatar Airways Cargo Boeing 777 Freighter. Photo: Facebook/Botswana ministry of transport and infrastructure

    WATCH | Botswana imports Brazilian Girolando cattle to cut dairy imports

    RMIS Biogénesis Bagó vaccination FMD cattle

    What RMIS and Biogénesis Bagó’s new FMD partnership means for livestock producers

    With Nampo Alfa 2026 in October, cloven-hoofed animals are making a return to Nampo Park. These cattle were photographed during Nampo 2025. Photo: Facebook/Nampo

    Livestock returns to Nampo Alfa 2026

    Photo for illustrative purposes: Canva images

    Expert advice | Using growth stimulants and implants on calves

    keeping piglets warm Skyman wase Ntilini

    WATCH | Keeping piglets warm

    Photo for illustrative purposes: Meat Naturally

    Conservation model unlocks R134 million for communal livestock farmers

  • Crops
    • All
    • Fruit
    • Grains
    • Legumes
    • Vegetables
    Pakane Kekana SAFE learners youth training

    How one young woman is turning Zebediela’s agricultural land into jobs and hope

    Taking knowledge directly to where it matters most: Joburg Market takes valuable market knowledge directly to farming communities, helping producers better understand the pathway from farm to formal market. Photo: Supplied

    From farm to market: How Joburg Market is opening doors for South Africa’s farmers

    Wandile Sihlobo Agriview

    WATCH | El Niño outlook for the coming production season – Wandile Sihlobo

    Sibusiso Mabuza, CEO of Phahama Grain Phakama (PGP), said the competition provides an opportunity to witness farmer development in action. Photo: Supplied

    PGP Farmer of the Year finalists showcase growth in the grain sector

  • Farm Health
    • All
    • Animal Health
    • Financial Health
    • Plant Health
    Photo for illustrative purposes: Canva images

    Expert advice | Using growth stimulants and implants on calves

    From left: Moses Rannditsheni (DoA spokesperson), Dr Ivan Meyer (Western Cape MEC of Agriculture), Piet Le Roux (CEO Sakeliga), Director-General Mooketsa Ramasodi, Minister Willie Aucamp, Dr Theo De Jager (Saai) and Francois Wilken (Free State Agri). Photo: Lebogang Mashala

    Aucamp’s out of court settlement opens door for direct import of FMD vaccines

    Photo for illustrative purposes: Canva images

    Ticks are the greatest disease vectors

    Photo for illustrative purposes: Canva Images

    Cultivating onions | Fertilisation, harvesting and crop protection

    Ask the vet scabby mouth orf vuilbek

    WATCH | Ask the vet – lambs or kids with scabby mouth or orf (vuilbek)

    Photo for illustrative purposes: Canva images

    Remedies ‘friendly’ to oxpeckers  

  • Ask The Experts
    Photo for illustrative purposes: Canva images

    Expert advice | Using growth stimulants and implants on calves

    Photo for illustrative purposes: Canva images

    Ticks are the greatest disease vectors

    Photo for illustrative purposes: Canva Images

    Cultivating onions | Fertilisation, harvesting and crop protection

    Ask the vet scabby mouth orf vuilbek

    WATCH | Ask the vet – lambs or kids with scabby mouth or orf (vuilbek)

    Photo for illustrative purposes: Canva images

    Remedies ‘friendly’ to oxpeckers  

    Photo for illustrative purposes: Canva Images

    Cultivating onions | From soil requirements to transplanting

  • Products & Services
    • All
    • Services
    FMD vaccination Biogénesis Bagó

    Study validates 100% protection of Argentina’s vaccine against SAT1 foot-and-mouth disease (FMD)

    Some of Tiger Brands’ familiar household brands that are produced at Tiger Brands’ Culinary facility in Boksburg, Gauteng. Photo: Supplied

    Tiger Brands expands solar power to seven sites in drive for cleaner agro-processing

    Black-owned agro-processing businesses in South Africa can get help to upscale. Eligible businesses include companies involved in processing or manufacturing products from agricultural raw materials. Photos: Lebogang Mashala and supplied

    Black-owned businesses, apply now for Agro-Processing Scale-Up Programme!

    André van Tonder from Pretoria demonstrated how the versatile Cortool tool is used to form wire clamps and fix broken fences.

    WATCH | How to make low-cost wire clamps for irrigation pipes and fencing

    New Holland has tractors that are ideal for emerging and small-scale farmers. Photos: Supplied

    New Holland tractor options for emerging and small-scale farmers

    The Argentine laboratory Biogénesis Bagó manufactures the Bioaftogen foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccines. Photo: Supplied

    Biogénesis Bagó: The Argentine laboratory bringing Argentina’s expertise to the world, setting the standard in health emergencies

    Photo: Supplied

    When the unpredictable strikes, your insurance cover can’t be on autopilot

    The Ford Everest XLT. Photo: Ford

    There’s living, and then there’s peak living in the Ford Everest XLT

    From left: Gerhard Diedericks and Koos Nel (both from Agri X Group), Corlia Oberholzer (Red Meat Industry Services), Prof. Simon Letsoalo (School of Agricultural Sciences at North-West University), Lwandiso Makupula (Industrial Development Corporation) and Prof. HB Klopper (Agri X Group). Photo: Lebogang Mashala

    New Fusion Meat programme promises to boost profits for South African red meat farmers

  • Technology
    • All
    • Digital Tools
    • Farm Machines
    • Plans Farmers Make
    Photo for illustrative purposes: Canva Images

    You can’t improve what you don’t record: The hidden power of recordkeeping in the genomics era

    The MyBitSecure SmartFarm platform offers farmers a practical way to make better farming decisions based on real information rather than guesswork. Photo: MyBitSecure

    New SA platform helps emerging farmers manage water and soil health remotely

    Tshepiso Malema, young entrepreneur, changing the SA Poultry game. Photo: Canva/Poultry Bulletin June/July 2026

    Tshepiso Malema’s app is changing the game for small poultry farmers

    Young inventor Jedri Janse van Rensburg’s automatic dip sprayer device uses recycled electric gate sensors to detect animals as they enter the crush, automatically activating a pump that sprays them with dipping solution. Photo: Screenshot

    WATCH | Young inventor’s livestock dipping innovation earns Nampo recognition

    Young innovator Jedri Janse van Rensburg, son of Michris Janse van Rensburg, a farmer, inventor and founder of Backsaver Farming Equipment, impressed judges with his vacuum planter for smallscale farmers at the Farmers’ Plans competition during Nampo 2026. Photos: Lebogang Mashala and screenshot

    WATCH | Small-scale planter made from old vacuum cleaner scoops top award

    DroneDogs are taking over some duties of man's best friend and are guarding high value crops on farms. Photo: The Fence Post

    High-tech robotic dogs now on patrol guarding valuable corn crops

  • Events
    • All
    • Agri-Development Imbizo 2026
    • AgriFund Connect Summit 2025
    • Auctions
    • Earth Harvest Gala 2025
    • Farm Days
    The future of South African agriculture was in the room. Young farmers and aspiring agripreneurs gathered in anticipation as the programme got underway at the Brits Youth Day. Photo: Maphuti Mongatane

    Agri Youth Day connects aspiring farmers with opportunities

    With Nampo Alfa 2026 in October, cloven-hoofed animals are making a return to Nampo Park. These cattle were photographed during Nampo 2025. Photo: Facebook/Nampo

    Livestock returns to Nampo Alfa 2026

    Farmers from across the Matatiele region filled the venue for the Production and Money Matters for Farmers Workshop, highlighting the strong demand for practical agricultural knowledge and business development opportunities. Photo: Maphuti Mongatane

    WATCH | Matatiele workshop equips farmers with practical production and business skills

    The highest-priced bull at the ProGen Sussex Production Auction. Top-quality genetics come at a price and this bull proved exactly that. Photo: Supplied

    40 Quality Sussex bulls and 40 females offered to the industry

    The most expensive bull at the Syferfontein production auction (BSF 230341) fetched a whopping R675 000. Photo: Supplied

    ‘Merry-go-round’ of high prices at Syferfontein Bonsmara auction

    This south-western black rhino cow sold for R700 000, the highest price achieved at this year’s Kirkwood Wildsfees game auction. Photo: Supplied

    Two rare black rhino cows steal the spotlight at Kirkwood Wildsfees auction

No Result
View All Result
  • News
    • All
    • Africa
    • Education
    • Featured Farmers
    • Global
    • Opinions
    • South Africa
    • Videos
    Pakane Kekana SAFE learners youth training

    How one young woman is turning Zebediela’s agricultural land into jobs and hope

    Lebogang Mashala, editor of African Farming. Photo: Maphuti Mongatane

    From our editor: When municipalities fail, farmers pay the price

    fresh vegetables Image generated by Toqan

    Mozambique pushes to replace vegetable imports from SA after flood recovery

    The Mpumalanga International FoodMarket in Mbombela, owned by the provincial government, has secured its first cold-storage client. The project was first announced in 2013, and construction began in 2018. Photo: Supplied

    Mpumalanga government dismisses DA criticism over International FoodMarket; defends phased rollout

    The first 186 of the 1 000 Girolando dairy cattle that Botswana has begun importing from Brazil, landed at Sir Seretse Khama International Airport in Gaborone likely after eight to nine hours flight time in this chartered Qatar Airways Cargo Boeing 777 Freighter. Photo: Facebook/Botswana ministry of transport and infrastructure

    WATCH | Botswana imports Brazilian Girolando cattle to cut dairy imports

    RMIS Biogénesis Bagó vaccination FMD cattle

    What RMIS and Biogénesis Bagó’s new FMD partnership means for livestock producers

  • Weather
  • Livestock
    • All
    • Cattle
    • Goats
    • Pigs
    • Poultry
    • Sheep
    The first 186 of the 1 000 Girolando dairy cattle that Botswana has begun importing from Brazil, landed at Sir Seretse Khama International Airport in Gaborone likely after eight to nine hours flight time in this chartered Qatar Airways Cargo Boeing 777 Freighter. Photo: Facebook/Botswana ministry of transport and infrastructure

    WATCH | Botswana imports Brazilian Girolando cattle to cut dairy imports

    RMIS Biogénesis Bagó vaccination FMD cattle

    What RMIS and Biogénesis Bagó’s new FMD partnership means for livestock producers

    With Nampo Alfa 2026 in October, cloven-hoofed animals are making a return to Nampo Park. These cattle were photographed during Nampo 2025. Photo: Facebook/Nampo

    Livestock returns to Nampo Alfa 2026

    Photo for illustrative purposes: Canva images

    Expert advice | Using growth stimulants and implants on calves

    keeping piglets warm Skyman wase Ntilini

    WATCH | Keeping piglets warm

    Photo for illustrative purposes: Meat Naturally

    Conservation model unlocks R134 million for communal livestock farmers

  • Crops
    • All
    • Fruit
    • Grains
    • Legumes
    • Vegetables
    Pakane Kekana SAFE learners youth training

    How one young woman is turning Zebediela’s agricultural land into jobs and hope

    Taking knowledge directly to where it matters most: Joburg Market takes valuable market knowledge directly to farming communities, helping producers better understand the pathway from farm to formal market. Photo: Supplied

    From farm to market: How Joburg Market is opening doors for South Africa’s farmers

    Wandile Sihlobo Agriview

    WATCH | El Niño outlook for the coming production season – Wandile Sihlobo

    Sibusiso Mabuza, CEO of Phahama Grain Phakama (PGP), said the competition provides an opportunity to witness farmer development in action. Photo: Supplied

    PGP Farmer of the Year finalists showcase growth in the grain sector

  • Farm Health
    • All
    • Animal Health
    • Financial Health
    • Plant Health
    Photo for illustrative purposes: Canva images

    Expert advice | Using growth stimulants and implants on calves

    From left: Moses Rannditsheni (DoA spokesperson), Dr Ivan Meyer (Western Cape MEC of Agriculture), Piet Le Roux (CEO Sakeliga), Director-General Mooketsa Ramasodi, Minister Willie Aucamp, Dr Theo De Jager (Saai) and Francois Wilken (Free State Agri). Photo: Lebogang Mashala

    Aucamp’s out of court settlement opens door for direct import of FMD vaccines

    Photo for illustrative purposes: Canva images

    Ticks are the greatest disease vectors

    Photo for illustrative purposes: Canva Images

    Cultivating onions | Fertilisation, harvesting and crop protection

    Ask the vet scabby mouth orf vuilbek

    WATCH | Ask the vet – lambs or kids with scabby mouth or orf (vuilbek)

    Photo for illustrative purposes: Canva images

    Remedies ‘friendly’ to oxpeckers  

  • Ask The Experts
    Photo for illustrative purposes: Canva images

    Expert advice | Using growth stimulants and implants on calves

    Photo for illustrative purposes: Canva images

    Ticks are the greatest disease vectors

    Photo for illustrative purposes: Canva Images

    Cultivating onions | Fertilisation, harvesting and crop protection

    Ask the vet scabby mouth orf vuilbek

    WATCH | Ask the vet – lambs or kids with scabby mouth or orf (vuilbek)

    Photo for illustrative purposes: Canva images

    Remedies ‘friendly’ to oxpeckers  

    Photo for illustrative purposes: Canva Images

    Cultivating onions | From soil requirements to transplanting

  • Products & Services
    • All
    • Services
    FMD vaccination Biogénesis Bagó

    Study validates 100% protection of Argentina’s vaccine against SAT1 foot-and-mouth disease (FMD)

    Some of Tiger Brands’ familiar household brands that are produced at Tiger Brands’ Culinary facility in Boksburg, Gauteng. Photo: Supplied

    Tiger Brands expands solar power to seven sites in drive for cleaner agro-processing

    Black-owned agro-processing businesses in South Africa can get help to upscale. Eligible businesses include companies involved in processing or manufacturing products from agricultural raw materials. Photos: Lebogang Mashala and supplied

    Black-owned businesses, apply now for Agro-Processing Scale-Up Programme!

    André van Tonder from Pretoria demonstrated how the versatile Cortool tool is used to form wire clamps and fix broken fences.

    WATCH | How to make low-cost wire clamps for irrigation pipes and fencing

    New Holland has tractors that are ideal for emerging and small-scale farmers. Photos: Supplied

    New Holland tractor options for emerging and small-scale farmers

    The Argentine laboratory Biogénesis Bagó manufactures the Bioaftogen foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccines. Photo: Supplied

    Biogénesis Bagó: The Argentine laboratory bringing Argentina’s expertise to the world, setting the standard in health emergencies

    Photo: Supplied

    When the unpredictable strikes, your insurance cover can’t be on autopilot

    The Ford Everest XLT. Photo: Ford

    There’s living, and then there’s peak living in the Ford Everest XLT

    From left: Gerhard Diedericks and Koos Nel (both from Agri X Group), Corlia Oberholzer (Red Meat Industry Services), Prof. Simon Letsoalo (School of Agricultural Sciences at North-West University), Lwandiso Makupula (Industrial Development Corporation) and Prof. HB Klopper (Agri X Group). Photo: Lebogang Mashala

    New Fusion Meat programme promises to boost profits for South African red meat farmers

  • Technology
    • All
    • Digital Tools
    • Farm Machines
    • Plans Farmers Make
    Photo for illustrative purposes: Canva Images

    You can’t improve what you don’t record: The hidden power of recordkeeping in the genomics era

    The MyBitSecure SmartFarm platform offers farmers a practical way to make better farming decisions based on real information rather than guesswork. Photo: MyBitSecure

    New SA platform helps emerging farmers manage water and soil health remotely

    Tshepiso Malema, young entrepreneur, changing the SA Poultry game. Photo: Canva/Poultry Bulletin June/July 2026

    Tshepiso Malema’s app is changing the game for small poultry farmers

    Young inventor Jedri Janse van Rensburg’s automatic dip sprayer device uses recycled electric gate sensors to detect animals as they enter the crush, automatically activating a pump that sprays them with dipping solution. Photo: Screenshot

    WATCH | Young inventor’s livestock dipping innovation earns Nampo recognition

    Young innovator Jedri Janse van Rensburg, son of Michris Janse van Rensburg, a farmer, inventor and founder of Backsaver Farming Equipment, impressed judges with his vacuum planter for smallscale farmers at the Farmers’ Plans competition during Nampo 2026. Photos: Lebogang Mashala and screenshot

    WATCH | Small-scale planter made from old vacuum cleaner scoops top award

    DroneDogs are taking over some duties of man's best friend and are guarding high value crops on farms. Photo: The Fence Post

    High-tech robotic dogs now on patrol guarding valuable corn crops

  • Events
    • All
    • Agri-Development Imbizo 2026
    • AgriFund Connect Summit 2025
    • Auctions
    • Earth Harvest Gala 2025
    • Farm Days
    The future of South African agriculture was in the room. Young farmers and aspiring agripreneurs gathered in anticipation as the programme got underway at the Brits Youth Day. Photo: Maphuti Mongatane

    Agri Youth Day connects aspiring farmers with opportunities

    With Nampo Alfa 2026 in October, cloven-hoofed animals are making a return to Nampo Park. These cattle were photographed during Nampo 2025. Photo: Facebook/Nampo

    Livestock returns to Nampo Alfa 2026

    Farmers from across the Matatiele region filled the venue for the Production and Money Matters for Farmers Workshop, highlighting the strong demand for practical agricultural knowledge and business development opportunities. Photo: Maphuti Mongatane

    WATCH | Matatiele workshop equips farmers with practical production and business skills

    The highest-priced bull at the ProGen Sussex Production Auction. Top-quality genetics come at a price and this bull proved exactly that. Photo: Supplied

    40 Quality Sussex bulls and 40 females offered to the industry

    The most expensive bull at the Syferfontein production auction (BSF 230341) fetched a whopping R675 000. Photo: Supplied

    ‘Merry-go-round’ of high prices at Syferfontein Bonsmara auction

    This south-western black rhino cow sold for R700 000, the highest price achieved at this year’s Kirkwood Wildsfees game auction. Photo: Supplied

    Two rare black rhino cows steal the spotlight at Kirkwood Wildsfees auction

No Result
View All Result
African Farming
No Result
View All Result
Home Crops

Farmers invited to apply for Potatoes SA Enterprise Development Programme

13 July 2025
in Crops, Vegetables
Reading Time: 2 mins read
Harvesting Potatoes

Photo for illustrative purposes: Getty Images

By Maile Matsimela

Aspiring potato farmers, here’s an opportunity to turn your agricultural dreams into viable commercial enterprises. Potatoes South Africa has officially opened applications for its Enterprise Development Programme for the 2026–’27 financial year,

The programme is built on four key pillars that work together to support the development of well-rounded, commercially successful farmers. It begins with production input support, where participants receive certified seed potatoes each year through an innovative 25% downscaling model. This approach allows farmers to start with high-quality inputs while gradually assuming more financial responsibility for their farming operations.

Business Skills and Market Access

Mentorship is a cornerstone of the programme, offering continuous technical and business support to help participants become commercially ready. The focus extends beyond simply growing potatoes – farmers also learn to understand the business side of agriculture, including crop management, financial planning and market dynamics.

The programme places strong emphasis on industry exposure and hands-on training. Participants benefit from practical learning experiences that go beyond the farms gate, gaining valuable insights through demonstrations, networking events and industry engagements. These opportunities help farmers understand the full potato value chain, from production to market access.

Ready to Apply? Here’s How

For farmers ready to take their potato production to the next level, the application process is straightforward. Interested farmers can apply via the Potatoes South Africa website or contact the organisation directly on 012 349 1906. The closing date is 29 August 2025.

Also read

Ask the vet scabby mouth orf vuilbek

WATCH | Ask the vet – lambs or kids with scabby mouth or orf (vuilbek)

8 July 2026
Scabby mouth, known as vuilbek in Afrikaans or orf, is a viral condition causing warts on the lips…
Read More
Photo for illustrative purposes: LebogangMashala

Do you use water on your farm? What you must do before 23 July 2026

7 July 2026
All unregistered water users in South Africa must register by approximately 23 July 2026 or face…
Read More
African Farming editor Lebogang Mashala with farmer Sibusiso Mogale beside his customised Ford Ranger. Photo: Apollo Bomvana

WATCH | Success starts with your mindset, says farmer born without hands

7 July 2026
Sibusiso Mogale was born without hands. He started farming with seeds collected from discarded…
Read More
Giant retailer launches a fully recyclable potato pocket

Giant retailer launches a fully recyclable potato pocket

26 May 2025
The Shoprite Group has introduced a fully recyclable 7kg potato pocket, addressing a complex…
Read More
Massive breakthrough in the fight against potato tuber moth and tomato leafminer

Massive breakthrough in the fight against potato tuber moth and tomato leafminer

26 March 2025
The days of potato farmers losing their crop to potato tuber moth and tomato leafminer are about to…
Read More
Cynthia Matome Mokgobu. Photo: Lebogang Mashala

Matome makes dynamite moves in potato farming

25 October 2024
Young farmer Matome Mokgobu worked tirelessly to acquire the skills and knowledge she needed, never…
Read More
ShareTweetSend

Latest News

Photo for illustrative purposes: Christoph Wagner/Getty Images

Smarter pest management essential for potato sustainability

5 August 2025

The potato industry is at a crossroads where traditional insect control is no longer sustainable. That is why a panel...

Peter Mashala Lebogang Mashala Photo: Maphuti Mongatane

From our editor: Mentorship under tents – A journey to Morokweng that changed my perspective

1 August 2025

When I received a late invitation to this year’s Morakeng Farm Camp (MFC) Boer goat auction in Morokweng, about 140km...

More than 200 farmers attended an information session in Potchefstroom about available financing opportunities. Photo: Supplied

North West hosts info session on blended finance and agro-energy support for emerging farmers

18 July 2025

The North West Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (DARD), in collaboration with the national Department of Agriculture (DOA), recently...

Make us your no.1 news resource

New Hollard New Hollard New Hollard

News

Pakane Kekana SAFE learners youth training

How one young woman is turning Zebediela’s agricultural land into jobs and hope

19 July 2026
Lebogang Mashala, editor of African Farming. Photo: Maphuti Mongatane

From our editor: When municipalities fail, farmers pay the price

18 July 2026
fresh vegetables Image generated by Toqan

Mozambique pushes to replace vegetable imports from SA after flood recovery

18 July 2026

Established in 2020, African Farming aims to support black commercial farming in South Africa by providing informative and inspiring content and creating communication and education channels to help farmers develop and grow. Its initiatives include African Farming information days and workshops, which empower farmers – whether new or experienced – to build profitable and sustainable farming enterprises.

Follow Us

Facebook X-twitter Youtube Linkedin Instagram
© 2026 African Farming.
  • Advertise
  • Contact Us
  • Privacy Policy
  • Vulnerability Disclosure
  • Advertise
  • Contact Us
  • Privacy Policy
  • Vulnerability Disclosure

Welcome Back!

Login to your account below

Forgotten Password?

Retrieve your password

Please enter your username or email address to reset your password.

Log In

Add New Playlist

No Result
View All Result
  • News
  • Weather
  • Livestock
  • Crops
  • Farm Health
  • Ask The Experts
  • Products & Services
  • Technology
  • Events

© 2026 African Farming.